Shark Defensive Bites: A Rare but Documented Phenomenon in French Polynesia

Recent research analyzing shark bite incidents in French Polynesia has revealed that approximately 5% of cases may be classified as defensive reactions against humans. This finding, published in Le Monde, challenges conventional perceptions of shark aggression and highlights the need for a more nuanced understanding of shark behavior¹. The study cites two historical fatalities—a 1942 incident involving a harpooned shark and a 1977 case of mistaken identity with a lemon shark—as examples of defensive rather than predatory behavior.

Defensive Bites in Context

Eric Clua, a researcher at the Criobe Research Station, argues that defensive shark bites are underrepresented in scientific literature¹. Unlike predatory attacks, which often involve mistaken identity (such as surfers resembling seals), defensive bites typically occur when sharks feel threatened. These incidents are characterized by quick, single bites rather than sustained attacks. The Polynesian data aligns with global patterns: of the 100–150 annual shark attacks worldwide, only about 10 prove fatal².

Global Shark Attack Trends

Shark attack hotspots vary by region and species. The U.S. Atlantic coast, particularly Florida, sees frequent but less severe attacks from smaller species like blacktip sharks, while Pacific regions (Hawaii and California) experience fewer but more dangerous encounters with great whites and tiger sharks². Notably, global attacks declined from 98 in 2015 to 66 in 2018, a trend attributed to changing blacktip shark populations in Florida waters.

Region	Attacks (2018)	Primary Species
U.S. Atlantic Coast	27	Blacktip sharks
Pacific (Hawaii/California)	4	Great whites, tiger sharks

Human Impact and Misconceptions

The disparity between human and shark fatalities is stark: humans kill an estimated 63–273 million sharks annually through fishing and finning, while sharks cause approximately 10 human deaths per year³. Media portrayals, influenced by films like Jaws, often exaggerate the risk of shark attacks, which are statistically rarer than fatalities from dog bites or falling coconuts.

Mitigation and Conservation

Non-lethal strategies, such as drone surveillance and public education, have proven effective in reducing fatalities. Réunion Island, for example, implemented shark patrols and community awareness programs after experiencing 18 attacks (11 fatal) between 2011 and 2024⁵. In contrast, culling programs—like those in Australia—have faced criticism for ecological disruption and limited efficacy.

“Defensive bites are a critical but overlooked aspect of shark behavior. Understanding these interactions can reduce unnecessary fatalities—both human and shark.” —Eric Clua, Criobe Research Station¹

Conclusion

The Polynesian study underscores the importance of context in shark-human interactions. While defensive bites remain rare, they highlight the need for evidence-based conservation and safety measures. Future research should focus on species-specific behavior and habitat preservation to mitigate conflicts.